TENSES – 2ND ASSIGNMENT

Nama : Erlin Novianty

            Kelas : 4KA33

            NPM : 1C114791

            Mata Kuliah : Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

                                    

                    

TENSES – 2ND ASSIGNMENT

        Grammar and Tense is the key of studying and understanding english well. In grammar, tense is a category that express time reference with reference to the moment of speaking. Tense are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns. Basicly, tense found in many languages include the past, present and the future. Last, i’ve explained about Simple Present, Present Continous/Progresive, Simple Past and Past Continous/Progresive. And now, i want to explain 4 kind of tenses too.

A.   Present Perfect Tense

     With a length of time, present perfect usually means this action started in the past and has  continued until now. With no time phrase, present perfect usually means the action ended in the past, but the time is not clear.

Form :

-    ASSERTIVE RULE : sub + has/have + v3 + object

-    NEGATIVE RULE : sub + has/have + not + v3 + object

-    INTERROGATIVE RULE : has/have + sub + v3 + object

-    INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE : has/have + sub + not + v3 + object + (?)

This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense :

1. Present perfect tense for experience

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it.

Example :

(+) I have lived in Bekasi

(-) She has not seen National Galery in Jakarta.

(?) Have They eaten Korean food?

(?) Has Adam not watched thriller movie?

2. Present perfect tense for change

We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information.

Example :

(+) I have gotten new job as a Programmer.

(-) Nadia has not participated in national olympiad.

(?) Has the price of Samsung Galaxy gone up?

(?) Have Justin and Selena not confirmed their relationship?

3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.

Example :

(+) I have studied english since elemntary school.

(-) He has not come to school for 4 days.

(?) Have They known each other since childhood?

(?) Has Sandara not left her house?  

B. Present Perfect Continous Tense

This tense shows the action which started in the past and is still continuing. 

Form :

-    ASSERTIVE RULE : sub + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object

-    NEGATIVE RULE : sub + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object

-    INTERROGATIVE RULE : has/have + sub + been + v1 + ing + object + (?)

-    INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE : has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object

This tense is called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense :

1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.

Example :

(+) I’m tired because I have been running.

(-) You don’t understand because you have not been listening

(?) Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining?

(?) Why student can’t finish the exercise? Has Mr.Raihan not been explaining it?

2. An action continuing up to now

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.

Example :

(+) We have been studying programming language since 3 years

(-) Dimas has not been smoking for 1 year

(?) How long have you been in Bekasi?

(?) How long has she not been drawing in canvas?

C. Past Perfect Tense

Used to describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past, usually a long time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past perfect is used to show the action that took place earlier. For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb.

 Form :

-    Assertive Sentences : Subject + had + V3 + Object

-    Negative Sentences : Subject + had + not + Object

-    Interrogative Sentences : Had + Subject + V3 + Object + (?)

-    Interrogative Negative Sentences : Had + Subject + not + V3 + Object + (?)

Example :

(+) The train had left when they arrived.

(-) They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.

(?) Had he gone to France?

(?) Had they not performed their new song?

D. Past Perfect Continous Tense

We use past perfect progressive when we want to make it clear that this action was happening over time before something in the past. Same as Past Perfect, for negative sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insert not after the first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and first auxiliary verb.

 Form :

-    Assertive Sentences : Subject + had been + V1 + ing + Object

-    Negative Sentences : Subject + had + not been + V1+ ing + Object

-    Interrogative Sentences :  Had + Subject + been+ V1 + ing + Object + (?)

-    Interrogative Negative Sentences : Had + Subject + not + been + V1 + ing + Object + (?)

Example :

(+) Deni had been waiting for 2 hours when i arrived.

(-) My mother had not been cooking when my father came home.

(?) Had BTS been preparing for the concert?

(?) Had you not been bringing me a cupcake?

Source :

Eastwood, John. 1994. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. Walton Street, Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Uchiyama, Kent. 2006. English Verb Tenses.